The Status of Religious Language :: Religion Philosophy Christianity Essays

In recent work on the philosophy of religion, there has been a great deal of concentration on what John Hick, in his Philosophy of Religion [Prentice Hall International Editions, 1990, Chapter 7] calls "the peculiarity of religious language". What Hick is referring to is the fact that when language is used either to describe God, or to make any kind of religious statement, it is used in ways that quickly reveal inherent difficulties of meaning. These problems have to do with the fact that while religious statements seem to have all the authority of factual statements, it is quite clearly not possible to regard them as actually being equivalently authoritative. It is not difficult to demonstrate this: a) Jesus loves Bob and Edna. Edna loves Bob. b) God has ordered me to do this. c) My parents have ordered me to stay in this evening. In the case of statements a), it would be straightforward, in all kinds of ways, to discover evidence for or against the truth of the statement that "Edna loves Bob". If one could listen to their private conversations over dinner, for example, it would not be difficult to interpret the affection of Edna for Bob and, hopefully, of Bob for Edna. If Bob were ill or unhappy, Edna's conduct towards him would demonstrate her love. We could go on with this list and, without any difficulty, lengthen it considerably in ways which, despite the theoretical possibility of our being deceived, would be generally verifiable and agreeable not only to Bob and Edna, but also to anyone else not devoutly sceptical to whom we might talk about Bob and Edna and their relationship. It would, though, surely, be rather more difficult to provide similar validation of the statement that "Jesus loves Bob and Edna", for, in attempting to do so, one would need to address such intractable questions as the following: how would we go about demonstrating either the truth or the falsity of this statement if Bob said that he did not believe it was true and Edna said that she did, who would be speaking the truth if the statement were made by a friendly neighbour, worried about Bob and Edna never attending church, on what basis might the statement be said to be veritably either true or false if Bob and Edna won a large amount of money in the national lottery, would this demonstrate that Jesus loved them The Status of Religious Language :: Religion Philosophy Christianity Essays In recent work on the philosophy of religion, there has been a great deal of concentration on what John Hick, in his Philosophy of Religion [Prentice Hall International Editions, 1990, Chapter 7] calls "the peculiarity of religious language". What Hick is referring to is the fact that when language is used either to describe God, or to make any kind of religious statement, it is used in ways that quickly reveal inherent difficulties of meaning. These problems have to do with the fact that while religious statements seem to have all the authority of factual statements, it is quite clearly not possible to regard them as actually being equivalently authoritative. It is not difficult to demonstrate this: a) Jesus loves Bob and Edna. Edna loves Bob. b) God has ordered me to do this. c) My parents have ordered me to stay in this evening. In the case of statements a), it would be straightforward, in all kinds of ways, to discover evidence for or against the truth of the statement that "Edna loves Bob". If one could listen to their private conversations over dinner, for example, it would not be difficult to interpret the affection of Edna for Bob and, hopefully, of Bob for Edna. If Bob were ill or unhappy, Edna's conduct towards him would demonstrate her love. We could go on with this list and, without any difficulty, lengthen it considerably in ways which, despite the theoretical possibility of our being deceived, would be generally verifiable and agreeable not only to Bob and Edna, but also to anyone else not devoutly sceptical to whom we might talk about Bob and Edna and their relationship. It would, though, surely, be rather more difficult to provide similar validation of the statement that "Jesus loves Bob and Edna", for, in attempting to do so, one would need to address such intractable questions as the following: how would we go about demonstrating either the truth or the falsity of this statement if Bob said that he did not believe it was true and Edna said that she did, who would be speaking the truth if the statement were made by a friendly neighbour, worried about Bob and Edna never attending church, on what basis might the statement be said to be veritably either true or false if Bob and Edna won a large amount of money in the national lottery, would this demonstrate that Jesus loved them

Cocept Analysis: Adaptation

The Concept of Adaptation Using Sis. Callista Roy's Model of Adaptation A Concept Analysis St. Augustine's College Exploring the Concept of Adaptation Adaptation has long been described as one of the mean tools of human and animal survival. A chameleon changes its color to hide from a predator, a child becomes withdrawn to deal with the death of a loved one or a soldier learns how to walk with a prosthetic limb after the traumatic amputation of a leg due to injury.All of these situations describe a form of adaptation on behalf of the individual in order to deal with a stressful situation. According to Sister Callista Roy (2009)† adaptation is the process and outcome whereby thinking and feeling persons as individuals or in groups use conscious awareness and choice to create human and environmental integration† (McEwen & Wills, 2011). The purpose of this paper is to explore the concept of adaptation in the hope to bring clarification to the use of the term in nursing resea rch and practice. This will be done in the form of a concept analysis.A concept analysis is the rigorous process of bringing clarity to the definition of the concepts used in science (McEwen & Wills, 2011). The concept analysis process of Walker and Avant (2005) includes selection of a concept, determining the aims or purpose of the concept, identifying all the possible uses of the concept, determining the defining attributes, identification of model cases: identifying borderline, related, contrary, invented and illegitimate cases, identifying antecedents, consequences and lastly defining the empirical referents (McEwen & Wills, 2011).The concept analysis process is important because most of nursing theory has been based on concepts adopted from other disciplines, so it is necessary to explore these concepts to discover their relevance to the nursing profession (McEwen & Wills, 2011). Aim of the Analysis The aim of this concept analysis of adaptation is to discover what descriptors of this concept make it more relevant to nursing practice and research.As pointed out by Rodgers and Knafl (2000) the value of discussing concepts is to promote the clarification and refinement of an idea that is intended to contribute to the problem solving efforts of a discipline (Holden, 2005). Literature Review of the Theory Adaptation Taylor’s (1983) cognitive adaptation theory states that individuals use positive thought processes as a form of adapting to stressful circumstances. Engaging in mildly positive self-relevant distortions enables an individual to maintain an optimistic outlook, enhance self-esteem and encourage a sense of mastery when facing a threatening event (Henselmans et al. 2009). Taylor proposes that these positive thoughts give an individual a sense of control which will then force the individual to take constructive action when dealing with a stressful situation. Schkade and Schultz (1992) in their occupational adaptation theory proposed that there i s a normal process that individuals go through as they strive for competency on their jobs. There is an interaction with the environment that drives the individual to attain mastery over work related challenges.In this process the individual evaluates their responses to the challenges based on an internal sense of effectiveness or satisfaction. The self-assessment phase is the only means of evaluating the level of adaptation in this theory. Charmaz (1995) proposed that adaptation for most people is a gradual process of evolution where an altered individual changes to accommodate bodily and functional loss (Livneh & Parker, 2005). The changes in the individuals result from a recognition of a loss of their former self -image and the adaptation only comes about after that realization.Yoshida (1993) believes that adaptation through identity reconstruction only comes about after the individual struggles between their identity as a disabled person and their identity as their former self ( Livneh & Parker, 2011). There is a constant internal struggle to which the outcome cannot be predicted. Lewin speaks of a reciprocal, interactive process of adaptation that involves the individual and the environment (Livneh & Parker, 2011). The environment consists of internal and external factors that influence the adaptation process.The internal factors can include type and severity of illness and/or the individual’s concept of self. The external factors include variables such as physical, social and vocational aspects of the external environment. The level of adaptation will depend on the interaction between the individual and these environmental factors. Uses of the Concept Adaptation as defined by Merriam-Webster (2013) is the adjustment to environmental conditions, adjustment of a sense organ to the intensity or quality of stimulation. Synonyms for adaptation: acclimation, accommodation, acclimatization, adjustment and conformation.Charles Darwin theory of natural sele ction states that organisms adapt to their environment to become better fitted to survive and that they pass these genes on to the next generation ( ). According to Natural Resources Canada (NRC) adaptation includes activities that are taken before impacts are observed (anticipatory) and after impacts have been felt (reactive). Both anticipatory and reactive adaptation can be planned as a result of deliberate policy decisions and reactive adaptation can also occur spontaneously (NRC, 2008). Defining Attributes Two defining attributes of adaptation are interaction and environment.A common theme that emerged during the review of information researched for this topic was that adaptation occurs after interaction between the individual and the environment. The Roy adaptation model (Roy & Andrews, 1999) viewed the individual as a holistic adaptive system who responds to different stimuli in the environment, he/she processes changes in the environment through emotional channels that involv e perception, learning, judgment and emotion (Cunningham, 2002). Model Cases Walker & Avant (2010) state that a model case illustrates or exemplifies the concept and includes demonstrations of all defining ttributes (CCN, 2012). A model case of adaptation could be a previously withdrawn 45 year old female patient with a new colostomy. The patient Mrs. X shied away from learning how to care for her colostomy, refusing even to look at the colostomy during colostomy care. Subsequently Mrs. X now asks appropriate questions, has become more involved even to the point of changing her colostomy appliance. During this process the nurse encourages the patient by asking open ended questions about her feelings, the nurse also assures the patient that when she is ready to talk or learn someone will be available to answer her questions.Mr. L is a 35 year old newly diagnosed diabetic, who is open and receptive to diet and lifestyle changes that has become necessary to control his blood glucose le vels. The adaptation can be seen by the patient taking part in the discussion with his nutritionist, asking appropriate questions and requesting information about resources that will be available to him should he need more support in adjusting to his new lifestyle changes. A contrary case is an example that does not display the attributes of the concept. Ms.B a 25 year old that received a right lower limb amputation due to a car accident refuses to take part in physiotherapy. In fact, she is somewhat hostile to the healthcare team and does not take part in any discussion about her plan of care and her rehabilitation. Attempts by the nurses to build a therapeutic relationship by asking open ended questions and sitting with the patient to offer comfort and support are not acknowledged. Related cases, according to Walker & Avant (2010), include most but not all of the attributes that relate to adaptation (CCN, 2012).Safety in many cases can be related to adaptation. Nurses find that th ey will have to step in and modify a patient’s environment to aid in the adjustment to an ongoing ailment. This may include dimming the lights, providing a quiet atmosphere and limiting visitors for a patient that has a dissecting aortic aneurysm. The nurse understands that it is important for this individual to have a calm quiet environment he/she also knows the importance of administering antihypertensive medication and sedative as needed to achieve an internal environment that is conducive to this person’s health.Providing safety may also come in the form of providing a clutter free environment for all patients. This includes ensuring that the bed is in the lowest position, all electrical cords are secured properly and the patient’s belongings and the call light are within the patient’s reach. These little changes go a long way in helping people adjust to the strange environment of a hospital room and by performing these tasks the nurse is fulfilling h is/her role of promoting adaptation according to Roy’s Adaptation Model. Antecedents and ConsequencesAccording to Walker and Avant (1995), antecedents are the events or incidents that happen before the concept (Cheng, Foster & Huang, 2003). An antecedent to adaptation is stress, stress which can affect the body as a result of an accident, infection or an illness. The onset of a physical trauma or the diagnosis of a life threatening illness can set into motion a chain of psychosocial experiences, reaction or responses (Livneh & Parker, 2005). The goal of nursing at this point would be to promote adaptation (McEwen & Wills, 2011).The needs of the patient will be assessed and the plan for an appropriate intervention should be formulated. Control over the situation maybe beyond the scope of nursing practice however, the goal is for the patient to try to achieve integration with the environment, external or internal. Consequences are the events or incidents that happen as a result of the concept. A consequence of adaptation is that a change has taken place, a change in mindset or behavior. A patient that was not able to ambulate without assistance may now be able to walk around their home using crutches or a cane.The newly diagnosed breast cancer patient is no longer fearful because she has developed a positive outlook about her disease. She has started to look for support groups and researching natural intervention to help battle her illness. Taylor (1983) proposed that self -generated control perceptions prevent helplessness and promotes constructive thought and action (Henselmans et al. , 2009). Empirical Referents Walker and Avant (2010) define an empirical referent as a measurement tool or mechanism for the demonstration of the existence of the defining attributes of a concept (CCN, 2012).Cognitive adaptation is measured by the individual’s feelings of control or mastery over the illness as well as the individual’s positive outlook relatin g to their illness. One of the tools used to measure optimism is the Life Oriented Test (LOT). It consists of eight items and yields a total score between 0 and 32. An example of a question is: ‘I always look on the bright side of life’. The participants are asked to rate this statement on a 5 point scale, ranging from 0 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree). The Pearlin and Schooler’s Mastery Scale is used to assess feelings of control over events.Seven items are used to assess global beliefs of perceived control rather than events being controlled by fate. Five items are phrased in a positive way and two items in a negative way. An example of a statement is ‘I have little control over the things that happen to me’. A five point scale is used here also 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree). Higher points on both scales, indicates a higher level of perceived control or optimism which points to positive adaptation. Conclusion Adaptation is a n innate basic function that all humans and organisms must have to overcome different stressors in life.How one adapts is closely related to our coping strategies. Adaptation can be positive which results in human and environmental integration (McEwen & Wills, 2011). The nurse’s role in this process is to adapt to the patient’s needs by performing a thorough assessment to be able to provide the tools needed for the individual to positively adjust to complications that they are experiencing. References Chamberlain College of Nursing. (2012). NR 501 Theoretical basis for advanced nursing practice. Concept Analysis: Directions with Scoring Rubric.St Louis, MO: Author Chen, S. F. , Foster, R. L. , & Huang, C. Y. (2003). Concept analysis of pain. Tzu Chi Nursing Journal 2:3 Cunningham, D. A. (2005). Adaptation of Roy’s adaptation model when caring for a group of women coping with menopause. Journal of Community Health Nursing 19(1), 49-60 Henselmans, I. , Sanderman, R. , Helgeson, S. V. , de Vries, J. , Smink, A. , & Ranchor, A. V. (2010). Personal control over the cure of breast cancer: Adaptiveness, underlying beliefs and correlates. Psycho-Oncology 19: 525-534 Holden, L.M. (2005). Complex adaptive systems: Concept analysis. Journal of Advanced Nursing 52 (6) 651-657 Honoch, L. , & Randall, M. P. (2005). Psychological adaptation to disability: Perspectives from chaos and complexity theory. Rehabilitation Counseling Bulletin 17-28 Lorre, G. A. , Schkade, J. K. , & Ishee, J. H. (2004). Content validity of the relative mastery measurement scale: A measure of occupational adaptation. Occupational, Participation and Health 24 (3) McEwen, M. , & Wills, E. (2011). Theoretical basis for nursing (3rd ed. . Philadelphia, PA: Wolters Kluwer Health. Merriam-Webster. com. (2013). Adaptation. Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary. Retrieved from http://www. merriam-webster. com/dictionary/adaptation Stiegelis, H. E. , Hagedoorn, M. , Sanderman, R. , Van der Ze e, K. I. , Buunk, B. P. , & Van den Bergh, A. C. M. (2003). Cognitive adaptation: A comparison of cancer patients and healthy references. British Journal of Health Psychology 8 303-318 What is Adaptation? (2008) Natural Resources Canada. Retrieved from: www. nrcan. gc. ca

Symbolic Interactionism and Geertz Deep Play - an...

Symbolic Interactionism and Geertz’ Deep Play Symbolic interaction, one of the three main perspectives of the social sciences of Anthropology and Sociology, was thought to be first conceived by Max Weber and George Herbert Mead as they both emphasized the subjective meaning of human behavior, the social process, and the humanistic way of viewing of Anthropology and Sociology. As human behavior and socialization were observed, Mead discovered that behavior may be either overt, meaning observable, or covert, the underlying meaning that behaviors tend to imply. Symbolic interaction was further developed and basic principles and assumptions were established. The basic assumptions of Symbolic Interactionism are 1) beliefs, however†¦show more content†¦This short sequence of events reflects the second assumption of Symbolic Interaction: actions are guided by interpretation. The Balinese interpreted the Geertz’ reaction to the raid as that of being one with them; instead of asserting their higher visitor status, they c hose to follow the natives in their plight. Because of this, the Geertz’s were finally given access to the community and were able to see that which only the intimate members could see. After being accepted into the community, the Clifford Geertz was able to not only observe the cockfights up close, but to ask the natives questions regarding their traditions. According to the basic principles of Social Interactionism, in social interaction, people learn the meanings and symbols that allow them to exercise their distinctively human capacity for thought. Through asking and socializing, Geertz was able to discover the various myths and beliefs that were incorporated into Balinese cockfighting traditions, beliefs which not only reflected the cockfighting, but the entire behavioral psyche of the Balinese themselves. For example, there are various beliefs involved in the making of the tadji or the steel spurs; among these the belief that one may only make and sharpen steel spurs du ring eclipses and full moons. This tradition is reflective of yet another assumption of Symbolic Interactionism, and that is culture is

11 Easy Meal Ideas for College Students

Cooking in college presents a challenge to even the smartest student. These ideas and recipes can quickly—and cheaply—transform a lackluster meal or snack option into something much more exciting (and delicious!). Breakfast Ideas 1. Spruced-Up Bagels Grab some bagels and cream cheese, slice a tomato (save the rest for later) and pour yourself some fresh orange juice to create a quick and energizing meal. 2. Quick Pancakes Dont have a lot of time, supplies (like eggs, milk, and flour), or cooking tools? Grab a container of Bisquick Shake n Pour, add water, pour into a frying pan, and voila ... hot, steamy pancakes! Dont forget to bring the syrup. 3. Blueberry Pancakes in Disguise Krusteaz makes a pretty decent—and usually pretty low-priced—Wild Blueberry Muffin Mix. (Its in a box, usually on the same aisle as the flour.) However, thanks to a recipe on the back of the carton, you can quickly turn it into blueberry pancakes. 4. Egg Sandwich to Go Crack an egg into a coffee mug, sprinkle in some cheese and beat it with a fork. Microwave for 45 seconds, then scoop the cooked egg onto an English muffin (toasted, if you can). Youre out the door with a filling sandwich in hand in less than 5 minutes! Just make sure you rinse out the mug before the egg is permanently caked on. Lunch andDinner Ideas 5. Macaroni and Cheese With multiple, easy-to-make options available, theres no reason why you cant enjoy a dish of mac and cheese now and then. You can add ingredients yourself and cook it on the stove top, or you can buy the simple stuff that just requires you add water and microwave it. Add some veggies on top to up the nutritional value. 6. Simple Bread and Cheese Grab a small baguette, a chunk of your favorite cheese and something nice to drink. This makes a great snack or small meal and is easy to eat while studying. Add salami if youre extra hungry or a dollop of jam if you want to sweeten it. 7. Grilled Cheese and Tomato Soup If you have a stove or toaster oven, making grilled cheese is about as easy as it gets when it comes to comfort food. Melt some butter in a frying pan to crisp both sides of the bread, then add some cheese between the slices. Heat up tomato soup on the stove or in the microwave to complete this classic meal. 8. Microwave Quesadillas Grab some tortillas and shredded cheese, and pop em in the microwave. In under two minutes, youve got a delicious snack that leaves very little mess behind. 9. Roasted Veggies Anything If you have an oven, chop up some of your favorite vegetables, toss them in olive oil, add salt and pepper and roast them at 375 degrees Fahrenheit for 45 to 60 minutes. Broccoli, cauliflower, tomatoes, onions, and carrots make a good mix. You can use them in a different dish every day: roasted veggie burritos, roasted veggies over rice, roasted veggie pizza, roasted veggie pasta or roasted veggie panini. You can do a lot with them, and they keep in the fridge for about a week. Desserts 10. Fruit and Yogurt Parfait Its pretty self-explanatory: Add fresh (or thawed frozen) fruit to a cup of yogurt, top with your favorite granola and voila—a healthy-ish dessert. 11. Mug Cake You can find all sorts of recipes online, but heres the gist: Put together all the ingredients you need to make a cake in a microwave-safe coffee mug, microwave them for about 2 minutes, then let your creation cool for 30 seconds before adding toppings or diving in.

Immanuel Kant And Kant s Philosophy Essay - 2094 Words

Immanuel Kant in his work â€Å"An answer to the Question: What is Enlightenment?† reflects his understanding of immaturity as the main source for not being enlighten(p.41). It is true that Kant animalized human beings ,â€Å"It is so easy to be immature† is best understood as an attack towards human beings’ because of our naivetà ©. It is only normal for us to apprehend knowledge from others. Immanuel Kant emphasizes on the lack of self-esteem, caring, and trustworthiness in ourselves. The lack of zeal to discover what is good for thyself and what is not. An immature person has always been known as somebody who cannot take care of himself. The immature will never seek to understand on his own but borrow ideologies from others. According to Kant immaturity is the inability to use one’s understanding without guidance from another (WE p.41). Assuredly, we can see throughout the text that Kant is not stressing on an age or period in our lives to be able to eventually be matured enough to takes â€Å"grown up† affairs into consideration and become mature. What he really means is that we must learn how to be dependent by ourselves, Kant states† for after falling a few times they would end. certainly learn to walk ( WE p.41). However, the claim that Kant mentioned does not mean that we must learn how to become geniuses by our own instinct, this would be quite a ludicrous claim to state, but he is trying to emphasize on the fact that we take too much time to do so after we have the means andShow MoreRelatedImmanuel Kant s Philosophy And Philosophy1389 Words   |  6 PagesResearch Paper- Immanuel Kant Immanuel Kant was a famous philosopher whose philosophical influences impacted almost every new philosophical idea, theory, concept etc. In a sense, he was considered the central face of contemporary philosophy. 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The Vampire Diaries The Fury Chapter Four Free Essays

Something yanked Elena out of the tree and, yowling a protest, she fell and landed on her feet like a cat. Her knees hit the ground a second later and got bruised. She reared back, fingers hooked into claws to attack whoever had done it. We will write a custom essay sample on The Vampire Diaries: The Fury Chapter Four or any similar topic only for you Order Now Damon slapped her hand away. â€Å"Why did you grab me?† she demanded. â€Å"Why didn’t you stay where I put you?† he snapped. They glared at each other, equally furious. Then Elena was distracted. The shrieking was still going on upstairs, augmented now by rattling and banging at the window. Damon nudged her against the house, where they couldn’t be seen from above. â€Å"Let’s get away from this noise,† he said fastidiously, looking up. Without waiting for a response, he caught her arm. Elena resisted. â€Å"I have to go in there!† â€Å"You can’t.† He gave her a wolfish smile. â€Å"I mean that literally. You can’t go in that house. You haven’t been invited.† Momentarily nonplussed, Elena let him tow her a few steps. Then she dug her heels in again. â€Å"But I need my diary!† â€Å"What?† â€Å"It’s in the closet, under the floorboards. And I need it. I can’t go to sleep without my diary.† Elena didn’t know why she was making such a fuss, but it seemed important. Damon looked exasperated; then, his face cleared. â€Å"Here,† he said calmly, eyes glinting. He withdrew something from his jacket. â€Å"Take it.† Elena eyed his offering doubtfully. â€Å"It’s your diary, isn’t it?† â€Å"Yes, but it’s my old one. I want my new one.† â€Å"This one will have to do, because this one is all you’re getting. Come on before they wake up the whole neighborhood.† His voice had turned cold and commanding again. Elena considered the book he held. It was small, with a blue velvet cover and a brass lock. Not the newest edition perhaps, but it was familiar to her. She decided it was acceptable. She let Damon lead her out into the night. She didn’t ask where they were going. She didn’t much care. But she recognized the house on Magnolia Avenue; it was where Alaric Saltzman was staying. Elena licked her lips. â€Å"No,† Damon said shortly. â€Å"This one’s not for biting. There’s something fishy about him, but you should be safe enough in the house. I’ve slept here before. Up here.† He led her up a flight of stairs to an attic with one small window. It was crowded with stored objects: sleds, skis, a hammock. At the far end, an old mattress lay on the floor. â€Å"He won’t even know you’re here in the morning. Lie down.† Elena obeyed, assuming a position that seemed natural to her. She lay on her back, hands folded over the diary that she held to her breast. Damon dropped a piece of oilcloth over her, covering her bare feet. â€Å"Go to sleep, Elena,† he said. He bent over her, and for a moment she thought he was going to†¦ do something. Her thoughts were too muddled. But his night black eyes filled her vision. Then he pulled back, and she could breathe again. The gloom of the attic settled in on her. Her eyes drifted shut and she slept. She woke slowly, assembling information about where she was, piece by piece. Somebody’s attic from the looks of it. What was she doing here? Rats or mice were scuffling somewhere among the piles of oilcloth-draped objects, but the sound didn’t bother her. The faintest trace of pale light showed around the edges of the shuttered window. Elena pushed her makeshift blanket off and got up to investigate. It was definitely someone’s attic, and not that of anyone she knew. She felt as if she had been sick for a long time and had just woken up from her illness. What day is it? she wondered. She could hear voices below her. Downstairs. Something told her to be careful and quiet. She felt afraid of making any kind of disturbance. She eased the attic door open without a sound and cautiously descended to the landing. Looking down, she could see a living room. She recognized it; she’d sat on that ottoman when Alaric Saltzman had given a party. She was in the Ramsey house. And Alaric Saltzman was down there; she could see the top of his sandy head. His voice puzzled her. After a moment she realized it was because he didn’t sound fatuous or inane or any of the ways Alaric usually sounded in class. He wasn’t spouting psycho-babble, either. He was speaking coolly and decisively to two other men. â€Å"She might be anywhere, even right under our noses. More likely outside town, though. Maybe in the woods.† â€Å"Remember, the first two victims were found near the woods,† said the other man. Is that Dr. Feinberg? Elena thought. What’s he doing here? What am I doing here? â€Å"No, it’s more than that,† Alaric was saying. The other men were listening to him with respect, even with deference. â€Å"The woods are tied up in this. They may have a hiding place out there, a lair where they can go to earth if they’re discovered. If there is one, I’ll find it.† â€Å"Are you sure?† said Dr. Feinberg. â€Å"I’m sure,† Alaric said briefly. â€Å"And that’s where you think Elena is,† said the principal. â€Å"But will she stay there? Or will she come back into town?† â€Å"I don’t know.† Alaric paced a few steps and picked up a book from the coffee table, running his thumbs over it absently. â€Å"One way to find out is to watch her friends. Bonnie McCullough and that dark-haired girl, Meredith. Chances are they’ll be the first ones to see her. That’s how it usually happens.† â€Å"And once we do track her down?† Dr. Feinberg asked. â€Å"Leave that to me,† Alaric said quietly and grimly. He shut the book and dropped it on the coffee table with a disturbingly conclusive sound. The principal glanced at his watch. â€Å"I’d better get moving; the service starts at ten o’clock. I presume you’ll both be there?† He paused on his way to the door and looked back, his manner irresolute. â€Å"Alaric, I hope you can take care of this. When I called you in, things hadn’t gone this far. Now I’m beginning to wonder-â€Å" â€Å"I can take care of it, Brian. I told you; leave it to me. Would you rather have Robert E. Lee in all the papers, not just as the scene of a tragedy but also as ‘The Haunted High School of Boone County’? A gathering place for ghouls? The school where the undead walk? Is that the kind of publicity you want?† Mr. Newcastle hesitated, chewing his lip, then nodded, still looking unhappy. â€Å"All right, Alaric. But make it quick and clean. I’ll see you at the church.† He left and Dr. Fein-berg followed him. Alaric stood there for some time, apparently staring into space. At last he nodded once and went out the front door himself. Elena slowly trailed back up the stairs. Now what had all that been about? She felt confused, as if she were floating loose in time and space. She needed to know what day it was, why she was here, and why she felt so frightened. Why she felt so intensely that no one must see her or hear her or notice her at all. Looking around the attic, she saw nothing that would give her any help. Where she had been lying there were only the mattress and the oilcloth-and a little blue book. When she finished, she was weak with fear and horror. Bright spots danced and shimmered before her eyes. There was so much pain in these pages. So many schemes, so many secrets, so much need. It was the story of a girl who’d felt lost in her own hometown, in her own family. Who’d been looking for†¦ something, something she could never quite reach. But that wasn’t what caused this throbbing panic in her chest that drained all the energy from her body. That wasn’t why she felt as if she were falling even when she sat as still as she could get. What caused the panic was that she remembered. She remembered everything now. The bridge, the rushing water. The terror as the air left her lungs and there was nothing but liquid to breathe. The way it had hurt. And the final instant when it had stopped hurting, when everything had stopped. When everything†¦ stopped. Oh, Stefan, I was so frightened, she thought. And the same fear was inside her now. In the woods, how could she have behaved like that to Stefan? How could she have forgotten him, everything he meant to her? What had made her act that way? But she knew. At the center of her consciousness, she knew. Nobody got up and walked away from a drowning like that. Nobody got up and walked away alive. Slowly, she rose and went to look at the shuttered window. The darkened pane of glass acted as a mirror, throwing her reflection back at her. It was not the reflection she’d seen in her dream, where she had run down a hall of mirrors that seemed to have a life of their own. There was nothing sly or cruel about this face. Just the same, it was subtly different from what she was used to seeing. There was a pale glow to her skin and a telling hollowness about the eyes. Elena touched fingertips to her neck, on either side. This was where Stefan and Damon had each taken her blood. Had it really been enough times, and had she really taken enough of theirs in return? It must have been. And now, for the rest of her life, for the rest of her existence, she would have to feed as Stefan did. She would have to†¦ She sank to her knees, pressing her forehead against the bare wood of a wall. I can’t, she thought. Oh, please, I can’t; I can’t. She had never been very religious. But from that deep place inside, her terror was welling up, and every particle of her being joined in the cry for aid. Oh, please, she thought. Oh, please, please, help me. She didn’t ask for anything specific; she couldn’t gather her thoughts that far. Only: Oh, please help me, oh please, please. Her face was still pale but eerily beautiful, like fine porcelain lit from within. Her eyes were still smudged with shadows. But there was a resolve in them. She had to find Stefan. If there was any help for her, he would know of it. And if there wasn’t†¦ well, she needed him all the more. There was nowhere else she wanted to be except with him. She shut the door of the attic carefully behind her as she went out. Alaric Saltzman mustn’t discover her hiding place. On the wall, she saw a calendar with the days up to December 4 crossed off. Four days since last Saturday night. She’d slept for four days. When she reached the front door, she cringed from the daylight outside. It hurt. Even though the sky was so overcast that rain or snow looked imminent, it hurt her eyes. She had to force herself to leave the safety of the house, and then she felt a gnawing paranoia about being out in the open. She slunk along beside fences, staying close to trees, ready to melt into the shadows. She felt like a shadow herself -or a ghost, in Honoria Fell’s long white gown. She would frighten the wits out of anyone who saw her. But all her circumspection seemed to be wasted. There was no one on the streets to see her; the town might have been abandoned. She went by seemingly deserted houses, forsaken yards, closed stores. Presently she saw parked cars lining the street, but they were empty, too. And then she saw a shape against the sky that stopped her in her tracks. A steeple, white against the thick dark clouds. Elena’s legs trembled as she made herself creep closer to the building. She’d known this church all her life; she’d seen the cross inscribed on that wall a thousand times. But now she edged toward it as if it were a caged animal that might break loose and bite her. She pressed one hand to the stone wall and slid it nearer and nearer to the carved symbol. When her outspread fingers touched the arm of the cross, her eyes filled and her throat ached. She let her hand glide along it until it gently covered the engraving. Then she leaned against the wall and let the tears come. I’m not evil, she thought. I did things I shouldn’t have. I thought about myself too much; I never thanked Matt and Bonnie and Meredith for all they did for me. I should have played more with Margaret and been nicer to Aunt Judith. But I’m not evil. I’m not damned. When she could see again, she looked up at the building. Mr. Newcastle had said something about the church. Was it this one he meant? She avoided the front of the church and the main doorway. There was a side door that led to the choir loft, and she slipped up the stairs noiselessly and looked down from the gallery. She saw at once why the streets had been so empty. It seemed as if everyone in Fell’s Church was here, every seat in every pew filled, and the back of the church packed solid with people standing. Staring at the front rows, Elena realized that she recognized every face; they were members of the senior class, and neighbors, and friends of Aunt Judith. Aunt Judith was there, too, wearing the black dress she’d worn to Elena’s parents’ funeral. Fell’s Church was here, every seat in every pew filled, and the back of the church packed solid with people standing. Staring at the front rows, Elena realized that she recognized every face; they were members of the senior class, and neighbors, and friends of Aunt Judith. Aunt Judith was there, too, wearing the black dress she’d worn to Elena’s parents’ funeral. â€Å"†¦ share our remembrances of this very special girl,† he said, and he moved aside. Elena watched what happened after with the unearthly feeling that she had a loge seat at a play. She was not at all involved in the events down there on stage; she was only a spectator, but it was her life she was watching. Mr. Carson, Sue Carson’s father, came up and talked about her. The Carsons had known her since she was born, and he talked about the days she and Sue had played in their front yard in the summer. He talked about the beautiful and accomplished young lady she had become. He got a frog in his throat and had to stop and take off his glasses. Sue Carson went up. She and Elena hadn’t been close friends since elementary school, but they’d remained on good terms. Sue had been one of the few girls who’d stayed on Elena’s side after Stefan had come under suspicion for Mr. Tanner’s murder. But now Sue was crying as if she’d lost a sister. â€Å"A lot of people weren’t nice to Elena after Halloween,† she said, wiping her eyes and going on. â€Å"And I know that hurt her. But Elena was strong. She never changed just to conform to what other people thought she should be. And I respected her for that, so much†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Sue’s voice wobbled. â€Å"When I was up for Homecoming Queen, I wanted to be chosen, but I knew I wouldn’t be and that was all right. Because if Robert E. Lee ever had a queen, it was Elena. And I think she always will be now, because that’s how we’ll all remember her. And I think that for years to come the girls who will go to our school might remember her and think about how she stuck by what she thought was right†¦Ã¢â‚¬  This time Sue couldn’t steady her voice and the reverend helped her back to her seat. The girls in the senior class, even the ones that had been nastiest and most spiteful, were crying and holding hands. Girls Elena knew for a fact hated her were sniffling. Suddenly she was everybody’s best friend. There were boys crying, too. Shocked, Elena huddled closer to the railing. She couldn’t stop watching, even though it was the most horrible thing she had ever seen. Frances Decatur got up, her plain face plainer than ever with grief. â€Å"She went out of her way to be nice to me,† she said huskily. â€Å"She let me eat lunch with her.† Rubbish, Elena thought. I only spoke to you in the first place because you were useful in finding out information about Stefan. But it was the same with each person who went up to the pulpit; no one could find enough words to praise Elena. â€Å"I always admired her†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"One of my favorite students†¦Ã¢â‚¬  When Meredith rose, Elena’s whole body stiffened. She didn’t know if she could deal with this. But the dark-haired girl was one of the few people in the church who wasn’t crying, although her face had a grave, sad look that reminded Elena of Honoria Fell as she looked on her tomb. â€Å"When I think about Elena, I think about the good times we had together,† she said, speaking quietly and with her customary self-control. â€Å"Elena always had ideas, and she could make the most boring work into fun. I never told her that, and now I wish I had. I wish that I could talk to her one more time, just so she would know. And if Elena could hear me now†-Meredith looked around the church and drew a long breath, apparently to calm herself-â€Å"if she could hear me now, I would tell her how much those good times meant to me, and how much I wish that we could still have them. Like the Thursday nights we used to sit together in her room, practicing for the debate team. I wish we could do that just once more like we used to.† Meredith took another long breath and shook her head. â€Å"But I know we can’t, and that hurts.† What are you talking about? Elena thought, her misery interrupted by bewilderment. We used to practice for the debate team on Wednesday nights, not Thursdays. And it wasn’t in my bedroom; it was in yours. And it was no fun at all; in fact, we ended up quitting because we both hated it†¦ Suddenly, watching Meredith’s carefully composed face, so calm on the outside to conceal the tension within, Elena felt her heart begin to pound. Meredith was sending a message, a message only Elena could be expected to understand. Which meant that Meredith expected Elena to be able to hear it. Meredith knew. Had Stefan told her? Elena scanned the rows of mourners below, realizing for the first time that Stefan wasn’t among them. Neither was Matt. No, it didn’t seem likely that Stefan would have told Meredith, or that Meredith would choose this way of getting a message to her if he had. Then Elena remembered the way Meredith had looked at her the night they had rescued Stefan from the well, when Elena had asked to be left alone with Stefan. She remembered those keen dark eyes studying her face more than once in the last months, and the way Meredith had seemed to grow quieter and more thoughtful each time Elena came up with some odd request. Meredith had guessed then. Elena wondered just how much of the truth she’d put together. Bonnie was coming up now, crying in earnest. That was surprising; if Meredith knew, why hadn’t she told Bonnie? But maybe Meredith had only a suspicion, something she didn’t want to share with Bonnie in case it turned out to be a false hope. â€Å"Thank you,† Bonnie said, wiping her streaming eyes. She tilted her head back to look at the ceiling, either to regain her poise or to get inspiration. As she did, Elena saw something that no one else could see: she saw Bonnie’s face drain of color and of expression, not like somebody about to faint, but in a way that was all too familiar. A chill crawled up Elena’s backbone. Not here. Oh, God, of all times and places, not here. But it was already happening. Bonnie’s chin had lowered; she was looking at the congregation again. Except that this time she didn’t seem to see them at all, and the voice that came from Bonnie’s throat was not Bonnie’s voice. â€Å"No one is what they appear. Remember that. No one is what they appear.† Then she just stood there, unmoving, staring straight ahead with blank eyes. People began to shuffle and look at one another. There was a murmur of worry. â€Å"Remember that-remember-no one is what they seem†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Bonnie swayed suddenly, and Reverend Bethea ran to her while another man hastened up from the other side. The second man had a bald head that was now shining with sweat-Mr. Newcastle, Elena realized. And there at the back of the church, striding up the nave, was Alaric Saltzman. He reached Bonnie just as she fainted, and Elena heard a step behind her on the stair. How to cite The Vampire Diaries: The Fury Chapter Four, Essay examples

Approaches for Predicting Corporate Bankruptcy

Question: Describe about the Approaches for Predicting Corporate Bankruptcy. Answer: Abstract The report explores about financial statement analysis and how it is not the only approach to rely to predict financial crisis by exploring the examples of Lehman Brothers, WorldCom and Enron. How Lehman Brothers breached US standard for leverage ratio, how WorldCom window dressed its financial statements and how did Enron deceive its shareholders all is explained in the given repot below. Further, report will give an idea that there are certain non-financial approaches available like corporate governance and support the argument by discussing corporate governance. Introduction Financial statement analysis is an essential skill in a variety of occupations including investment management, corporate finance, commercial lending and the extension of credit. (Alvarez, Fridson 2002). On elaborating the term financial statement analysis, it is analysis of various financial terms like ratios, cash flows, balance sheet of the firm to know the strengths and weakness of the firms in terms of finance. The major objective of the report is to give an idea about how financial statement analysis determines the bankruptcy of firm through various methodologies. Further to bring in view that financial statement analysis is not the only approach to predict bankruptcy of firms by enlightening the financial crisis of three major economic scandals like Enron, WorldCom, Lehman Brothers and discussing non-financial approach like corporate governance. Further, describing the corporate governance and how corporate governance help in predicting financial distress. To summarize, we say that we support the argument that financial statement analysis is not the only approach available there are various non-financial approaches like corporate governance is there and same should be applied by corporates to predict financial crisis. Further discussion is also done regarding composition of board of directors, segregation of duties of board of directors and proportion of independent directors. Financial statement analysis not the only approach for predicting bankruptcy From the view of financial statement analysis, it is the process of reviewing and analyzing a companys financial statement to make better economic decisions. It includes balance sheet, cash flow statements, and a statement of change in equity. To describe failure of corporates two technical words are insolvency and bankruptcy. A firm is considered as insolvent whenever its book value of assets is less than those of its liabilities. In this case a company is considered insolvent when it files for bankruptcy in court. However, as per economic conception, insolvency is defined as failure to repayment of debt, inability to pay dividends etc. In this situation a firm can or cannot lead to judicial proceedings (Levratto, 2013). On the note of discussing the major corporate scandals Enron, WorldCom and Lehman Brothers, the major reason of their bankruptcy was misinterpreted financial statements. Major cause for the collapse of Lehman Brothers was extending subprime mortgage loans to customers, who were otherwise not extended due to poor credit score. But, due to boom in 2007 Lehman extended these kinds of loans. Thus, two major blunders identified were one Lehman has no accurate future projections and secondly, even if management was known about possible changes, they were busy in increasing shareholders wealth. Another financial fraud which appeared was its leverage ratio was 31:1 which was against the set U.S. regulations of not more than 15:1.This high leverage ratio raised a question on the liquidity of Lehman Brothers. Another major financial fraud made by Lehman Brothers was repurchase agreement transactions (repos). REPOS denote percentage of assets sold in comparison to cash received. Lehman showed r epos of 105 and 108 which means assets sold were 5% and 8% more than cash received, thus it was window dressing of financial statements to deviate shareholders of the company. However, on various other aspects Lehman Brothers auditors Ernst Young defended quoting that the international accounting standards supported company transactions. (Gyamfi, 2016). Similarly, in case of fall of Enron also basic fundamental principal of preparing financial statements was not followed i.e. true and full disclosure of facts. Enron executives never disclosed to its employees about selling of stock, it was only when Enron bankruptcy news evolved employees came to know about companys selling out the stocks. Also, it was seen that failure of Enron was due to massive accounting errors like enhancing accounting for special purpose vehicles and strengthening internal accounting system. (Li, 2010). WorldCom was again involved in questionable accounting practices. WorldCom has huge amount of contractual ob ligations and when went under reconstruction it was found that vendors, creditors would not be able to generate revenues. Thus, again a big financial fraud was there. (Gertmenian and Chuvakhin, 2003). Thus, with this discussion we can say that financial statement analysis is not the only option available to predict the bankruptcy of corporates. With discussing above financial frauds, we analysis that not only quantitative factors considered but also qualitative factors. With considering qualitative factors along with quantitative factors for credit risk analysis it helps to correctly classify the companies. Qualitative factors or non- financial factors are generally selected with the help of management discussions and business policies. However, corporate governance is a good qualitative factor. Corporate Governance is the structure that is intended to make sure that right questions asked and that checks and balances are in place to make sure that the answers reflect what is best for the creation of long term, sustainable, renewable value. (Minow, and Monks, 2011). Corporate Governance include large number of variables like Board of Directors characteristics, Board Committee, internal control factors, shareholders influence on Board of Directors. As financial scandals were increasing over number of years, the requirement to consider non- financial factors and provide an interaction between financial and non-financial factors became important. From early eighties only discussion regarding corporate governance and its influence in financial distress or bankruptcy are there. In corporate governance, conflicts arise among shareholders and management regarding assigning of roles. Basically, it is ethical conflicts among management and shareholders as in case of financial distress management prioritize their personal aim rather than overall companys objective. Now, there are two ways to analyze financial distress from corporate governance point of view. Firstly, firms with high ownership concentration are likely to have high financial distress and secondly, firms with high board ownership have less risk to financial distress. Firm having high institutional ownership they try to focus more on long term benefits rather than short term benefits as management do. However, if there is high ownership of institutional investors they try to control the management. Coming on second aspect that is where there is high board ownership. With respect to board it is seen as ability of directors to act efficiently, has been regarded as major factor in determining corporates financial distress. Thus, if a company has poor or weak board of directors, it increases the opportunity of management controlling shareholders and extracting money from shareholders. Thus, as per corpor ate governance board of directors should have independence. This independence can be defined as separating the role of chairman, chief executive directors, and independent directors. In separating the roles of chairman and chief executive directors is to ensure the effectiveness and independence of the board. However, other theories say that instead of separating the role of chairman and chief executive officer it should be accumulated in one power i.e. CEO, so as to reduce the cost and to avoid conflicts of interest. Apart from segregating the role of chairman and CEO another aspect is to increase the proportion of number of independent directors in board. Independent directors are basically directors who have no financial interest in company. Their work is to monitor the directors and to avoid selfish motive of management so that they can work in the interest of the shareholders. However, proportion of independent directors depends on the size of the board. A board having large si ze with less number of independent directors is likelihood of having more financial distress due to imbalance in board and conflict of interest, while a firm having smaller board size and large number of independent directors increases transparency of corporates thus preventing corporates from financial distress. However, corporate governance mechanism, ethics code, legal system to predict financial distress varies according to the country. Example of this is Spain. In Spain, corporate governance methodology was different regarding ownership concentration, unitary board system and voluntary good corporate governance practices lead agencies to conflict of financial distress. Thus, we can support argument that beyond financial statement analysis also there are non-financial factors to predict bankruptcy of corporates. (Elshahat, Elshahat, Rao, 2015). Conclusion On concluding the above discussion we see that financial statement include balance sheet, cash flow statement, and ratio analysis. For long time corporates were relying on financial data for predicting the corporates financial position. However, with major scandals like Enron, WorldCom, and Lehman Brothers who all were involved in financial frauds through window dressing their financial statements brought out an argument that whether financial statement analysis is the only approach to predict corporates financial situation. On, further study we support the argument that financial statement analysis is not the only approach to rely upon. Various journal articles supported the arguments and concluded that while analyzing corporates position not only financial aspects but also non-financial aspects should be considered. One of such non-financial aspect is Corporate Governance which focus not on financial aspect of the firm but it is basically considering management, board of directors and their influence in board and level of independence We further concluded that firm having small board size with large number of independence directors, will be less exposed to financial distress as there will be consistent monitoring over board of directors by independent directors. Thus, we support the argument that corporate should consider other aspects to predict bankruptcy of corporates. References Alvarez, F., and Fridson, M.S. (2002) Financial statement analysis: A practitioners guide. 3rd ed. New York: John Wiley Sons. Elshahat.I., Elshaht.A., Rao.A. (2015) Does Corporate Governance Improve Bankruptcy Predicition. Academy of Accounting and Financial Studies Journal 19(1). Gretmenian, L.W., and Chuvakhin, N.V. (2003) Predicting bankruptcy in the WorldCom age. Graziadio business Review, 6(1). Gyamfi, M.A. (2016) The Bankruptcy of Lehman Brothers: Causes, Effects and Lessons Learnt, Journal of Insurance and Financial Management, 1(4), p.132-149. Li, Y. (2010) The Case Analysis of The Scandal of Enron. International journal of business management, 5 (10). Livratto.N. (2013) From failure to corporate bankruptcy- a review. Journal of Innovation and Entrepreneurship, Available from DOI:10.1186/2192-5372-2-20. (Accessed on 05-10-16) Minow.N. and Monks, R.A.G. (2011) Corporate Governance. 5th ed. United States: John Wiley Sons.